Stick a soda straw into a glass of water, and from the side, the straw will appear to bend at the interface between air and water. That effect is caused by the different refractive indexes of the air and water, which causes the light to bend by different amounts as it passes through the two materials. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, a technique that has found wide use in single molecule and vesicle trafficking studies at membrane surfaces, relies upon essentially the same principle.
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TIRF Microscopy
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