In the late 1970s, scientists were divided on how viruses enter and infect host cells. Some investigators thought viruses were directly penetrating the cell membrane into the cytoplasm, while others argued the pathogens were first engulfed into clathrin-coated pits. As evidence, both sides used static electron microscopy images, which told different stories "depending on how you took the pictures," says Ari Helenius, a professor of biochemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich.
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Viral Cell Entry, circa 1980
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