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tag sex differences immunology developmental biology microbiology

illustration of people of different genders and races
Does Biological Sex Influence COVID-19 Outcomes?
Annie Melchor | Nov 2, 2021 | 10 min read
It’s unclear whether differing odds of dying between men and women reflect inherent differences between male and female immune systems or differences rooted in gender norms.
Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Viral Infection
Catherine Offord | Mar 1, 2021 | 10+ min read
Stronger interferon production, greater T cell activation, and increased susceptibility to autoimmunity are just some of the ways that females seem to differ from males.
Bugs as Drugs to Boost Cancer Therapy
Danielle Gerhard, PhD | Jan 18, 2024 | 7 min read
Bioengineered bacteria sneak past solid tumor defenses to guide CAR T cells’ attacks.
Doctor in rubber gloves wiping injection site on arm of little girl before vaccination
Vaginal Delivery Promotes Early Childhood Vaccine Response
Jennifer Zieba, PhD | Aug 8, 2023 | 3 min read
Researchers showed that the delivery method affects the microbiome and plays a role in the infant vaccine immune response.
Sex-based Differences Continue to Mount
Karen Young Kreeger | Feb 17, 2002 | 7 min read
Editor's Note: This is the fourth article in a series on sex-based differences in the biology of males and females. Future articles in the series will cover sex-based differences in drug metabolism and in life expectancy. Lisa Damiani In the 1970s, medical textbooks noted that lupus patients should not get pregnant because it could kill them, recalls physician Michael Lockshin. "I was challenged by a medical student, who had lupus, to show the data to prove that. But it didn't exist and it was a
Microbiology
The Scientist Staff | May 12, 1991 | 1 min read
J.B. Stock, A.J. Ninfa, A.M. Stock, "Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive responses in bacteria," Microbiological Reviews, 53:450-90, 1989. Jeff Stock (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.): "Although research on signal transduction has traditionally focused on eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes also respond to environmental signals. Recent studies, reviewed in this article, show that a single bacterial cell such as Escherichia coli may have as many as 50 different receptor kinases a
The Vaginal Microbiome is Finally Getting Recognized
Hannah Thomasy, PhD, Drug Discovery News | Sep 25, 2023 | 10+ min read
Vaginal dysbiosis has long been a taboo subject, but studying and optimizing the vaginal microbiome could be a game changer for women's health.
An illustration of a pregnant women wearing a mask, surrounded by microbes
How COVID-19 Affects Pregnancy
Amanda Heidt | Aug 16, 2022 | 10 min read
Evidence thus far shows that pregnant people infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at higher risk for severe disease and death, as well as complications in their pregnancies.
New Strategies to Discover Human Disease Genes
New Strategies to Discover Human Disease Genes
The Scientist | Oct 16, 2023 | 2 min read
Learn how researchers across health-related fields identify and characterize disease-causing genomic variants.
The Role of Mom’s Microbes During Pregnancy
Carolyn A. Thomson and Kathy D. McCoy | Aug 1, 2021 | 10+ min read
Bacteria in the gut influence the production of antibodies and themselves secrete metabolites. In a pregnant woman, these compounds may influence immune development of her fetus.

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