Microfluidic systems redefined biology by providing platforms that handle small fluid volumes, catalyzing advancements in cellular and molecular studies.

D.H. Fremont, M. Matsumura, E.A. Stura, P.A. Peterson, I.A. Wilson, "Crystal structures of two viral peptides in complex with murine MHC class I H-2Kb," Science, 257:919-27, 1992. Ian A. Wilson (Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif.): "One of the major issues in molecular immunology is determining how a limited number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in any individual can

D.H. Fremont, M. Matsumura, E.A. Stura, P.A. Peterson, I.A. Wilson, "Crystal structures of two viral peptides in complex with murine MHC class I H-2Kb," Science, 257:919-27, 1992. Ian A. Wilson (Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif.): "One of the major issues in molecular immunology is determining how a limited number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in any individual can

M. Horikoshi, C.K. Wang, H. Fujii, J.A. Cromlish, et al., "Cloning and structure of a yeast gene encoding a general transcription initiation factor TFIID that binds to the TATA box," Nature, 341, 299-303, 28 September 1989. Masami Horikoshi (Rockefeller University, New York): "This paper describes the cloning of the gene encoding the TATA box [a conserved sequence of bases]-binding factor TFIID [transcription factor IID], which we and others have shown to be a key factor in both basic promoter

In rats, motherhood leaves long-term biological signatures in a brain region that is crucial for learning and memory.

C.K. Glass, S.M. Lipkin, O.V. Devary, M.G. Rosenfeld, "Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer," Cell, 59, 697-708, 17 November 1989. Christopher K. Glass (School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla): "Retinoic acid receptors appear to exert profound effects on vertebrate development by binding to target genes and altering the rates at which they are transcribed in response to retinoic acid. Because t

A. Kazlauskas, C. Ellis, T. Pawson, J.A. Cooper, "Binding of GAP to activated PDGF receptors," Science, 247:1578-81, 1990. Andrius Kazlauskas (National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver): "The GTPase activator protein of ras (GAP) is one of a number of recently discovered proteins that appear to maintain nucleotide binding proteins such as ras in an inactive state, that is, coupled with GDP instead of GTP. Since regulation of GAP activity could affect cellular leve

R.J. Bandziulis, M.S. Swanson, G. Dreyfuss, "RNA-binding proteins as developmental regulators," Genes and Development, 3, 431-7, April 1989. Gideon Dreyfuss (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia): "Protein structural comparisons led to the discovery of identifying and unifying features shared by RNA-binding proteins of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Many of these ribonucleoproteins contain an RNA-binding domain (RBD) of approximately 90 amino acids. This amino acid sequence

S. Matsuda, H. Kosako, K. Takenaka, K. Moriyama, H. Sakai, T. Akiyama, Y. Gotoh, E. Nishida, "Xenopus MAP kinase activator: identification and function as a key intermediate in the phosphorylation cascade," The EMBO Journal, 11:973-82, 1992. Eisuke Nishida (Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Japan): "MAP kinases have been described as serine/threonine kinases that are acti

C.F. Lesser, C. Guthrie,"Mutations in U6 snRNA that alter splice-site specificity--implications for the active site," Science, 262:1982-88, 1993. Cammie Lesser (Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco): "Nuclear pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which the introns- -the noncoding portions of precursor mRNAs--are removed and the coding sequences called exons are ligated