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tag dietary supplement developmental biology ecology cell molecular biology

Surpassing the Law of Averages
Jeffrey M. Perkel | Sep 1, 2009 | 7 min read
By Jeffrey M. Perkel Surpassing the Law of Averages How to expose the behaviors of genes, RNA, proteins, and metabolites in single cells. By necessity or convenience, almost everything we know about biochemistry and molecular biology derives from bulk behavior: From gene regulation to Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we understand biology in terms of what the “average” cell in a population does. But, as Jonathan Weissman of the University of Califo
Students Study Their Own Microbiomes
Jef Akst | Jun 1, 2016 | 4 min read
Pooping into a petri dish is becoming standard practice as part of some college biology courses.
Embryonic Research: It's More Than Just Cloning
Myrna Watanabe | Jan 6, 2002 | 7 min read
As some researchers pursue cloning and stem cell work, attracting media attention along the way, others concentrate on embryonic research that will help produce healthier babies. From esoteric work on genetic control mechanisms to studies of fetal nutrition, human genetics, and the effects of toxic substances on the fetus, scientists are trying to formulate a fuller picture of what occurs in utero. For example, scientists like Dennis Thiele and colleagues in the biological chemistry department a
The Genetics of Society
Claire Asher and Seirian Sumner | Jan 1, 2015 | 10 min read
Researchers aim to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which a single genotype gives rise to diverse castes in eusocial organisms.
Beyond Film: Laboratory Imagers
Jorge Cortese | Apr 1, 2002 | 9 min read
Years ago, researchers had only one data-imaging option: autoradiography. These scientists tagged samples—whether nucleic acid, protein, cell, or tissue—with radioactive labels, and captured images on film. Safety concerns, convenience, and sensitivity, spurred the development of alternative techniques, and today, researchers can choose from a range of options, including fluorescence, chemifluorescence, and chemiluminescence, in addition to autoradiography. Fluorescence occurs when
An illustration of green bacteria floating above neutral-colored intestinal villi
The Inside Guide: The Gut Microbiome’s Role in Host Evolution
Catherine Offord | Jul 1, 2021 | 10+ min read
Bacteria that live in the digestive tracts of animals may influence the adaptive trajectories of their hosts.
The Role of Mom’s Microbes During Pregnancy
Carolyn A. Thomson and Kathy D. McCoy | Aug 1, 2021 | 10+ min read
Bacteria in the gut influence the production of antibodies and themselves secrete metabolites. In a pregnant woman, these compounds may influence immune development of her fetus.
Widely Used Antibiotics Affect Mitochondria
Anna Azvolinsky | Mar 12, 2015 | 3 min read
From plants to mice and human cells, tetracyclines lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in model organisms.
Distinguishing Th1 and Th2 Cells
Jeffrey Perkel | May 13, 2001 | 10+ min read
Reagents That Distinguish Th1 and Th2 cells Courtesy of R&D SystemsSchematic representation of cytokines influencing the development of antigen-activated naive CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th2 cells. Editor's note: Although individual techniques are associated with specific researchers in this article, it should be noted that these investigators commonly use several different techniques to analyze T lymphocyte populations. The human body is constantly under siege. It must defend itself fr
Untangling Neuronal Calcium Signaling
Amy Adams | Jan 20, 2002 | 10 min read
From the very moment of conception, calcium plays a pivotal role in fetal development. It rushes in as a wave around the egg to herald the sperm's arrival, binding to proteins that help kick off the whole developmental process. From this first influx, calcium continues to play a critical role in how the body's cells respond to outside signals. Calcium tells muscles to contract and nerves to release neurotransmitters, and is at least part of the signal that helps people form and retain memories.

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