Like other enveloped viruses, HIV exits its host cell enshrouded in the cell’s membrane, which contains membrane molecules such as the human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The HLA proteins act as a set of cell identification marks: every person expresses
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Successful vaccines have been created to protect against pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Why aren’t there any for combating fungal infections?
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Decades of vaccine research have expanded our understanding of the immune system and are yielding novel disease-fighting tactics.
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Although pathogens have long been suspected to play a role in the neurodegeneration of Parkinson's and related diseases (see our December 2010 feature), very little is understood about the mechanics of the process. Specifically, scientists have been
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