While the most obvious components of a forest ecosystem are above ground, perhaps the most essential elements are found below the surface. Forest soils are home to millions of microorganisms, such as molds, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, rotifers, and protozoa, and larger soil invertebrates, including mites, snails, slugs, centipedes, spiders, nematodes, earthworms, and springtails. These perform physical and biological processes needed for a healthy ecosystem, including nutrient recycling, waste removal, soil structuring, and moisture retention. Wildfires add an extra variable to these ecological equations, and while some postfire effects are beneficial, others are so damaging that, without help, the system can take years to recover.