Apoptotic cells undergo an ordered series of molecular and morphologic changes, including caspase activation, chromatin condensation and destruction, destruction of the nuclear envelope, and membrane "blebbing." The classic and still gold-standard test is electron microscopy (see figure at right), says John Reed, an apoptosis researcher and president and CEO of the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in La Jolla, Calif. But as most labs don't have EM technicians on staff, researchers often use surrogate assays instead.
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How to Detect Apoptosis
There are many ways to observe programmed cell death; here are six of the most common ones
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