Hexapods — six-legged arthropods that include all the insects and a few "allied" groups — have long been assumed to be a monophyletic group, whose evolutionary tree, if traced to its single ancestral root, would include every member of this vast and varied taxon. In the March 21 Science, Francesco Nardi and colleagues at the University of Siena, Italy, show that at least one hexapod group, the Collembola, diverged from the insect line even before lobsters and crabs did, and their development of a matching body plan is likely the result of convergent evolution rather than direct ancestry (Science 299:1887-1889, March 21, 2003).