Bixin, or annatto, is one of the oldest natural pigments used by humans. It is currently employed in the manufacture of cosmetics and as a soluble color additive for food, but a consumer ban on azo dye—a chemically synthesized alternative—has increased the demand for bixin. This red pigment is synthesized by Bixa orellana, a plant native to tropical America, and its precursor is thought to be the carotenoid lycopene. In the June 27 Science, Florence Bouvier and colleagues at the Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes investigate the pathway for bixin synthesis and show that lycopene is subject to remodeling in a sequential reaction by a dioxygenase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase, and a methyltransferase (Science, 300:2089-2091, June 27, 2003).