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Proteins Go Missing
Brendan Maher | Dec 1, 2003 | 2 min read
Click to view enlarged diagrams (172K) Cell-cycle cameras recently recorded a troubling scene. Investigators had taken away genes thought to control cell-cycle progression, a central force in growth and development and cancer, but some mice and cell lines grew anyway (see A Cell-Cycle Couple Loses Its Luster). At the perceived time of the incident--the mitotic transition from G1 to S phase-- putative primary players such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) were not at the scene. Now, private
The Boron Connection
Bonnie Bassler | Dec 1, 2003 | 2 min read
Foundations | The Boron Connection Click for larger version of measurements (35K) In 1999 we discovered LuxS, an enzyme needed for making a signal molecule (AI-2) that bacteria use for interspecies communication.1 X-ray crystallography allowed us to see that AI-2 is composed of two, five-membered rings. The challenge was to determine which atoms composed the rings. Our initial guess, a mixture of carbons and oxygens, appalled our chemist friends: we had drawn a carbon atom covalently
Bacteria Tough Cookies
Maria Anderson | Dec 1, 2003 | 3 min read
5-Prime| Bacteria--109 Tough Cookies Courtesy of CDC Is there any place where bacteria can't be found? Pick an environment, a temperature, an elevation, a climate, and a bacterial species calls it home. Scientists have found bacteria in every exotic habitat in the biosphere, says Thomas Whittam, a microbiologist at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Why are they so ubiquitous? One ecosystem can't supply enough resources for the more than 109 bacterial species1 that exist, so t
Microbial Multicellularity
Leslie Pray | Dec 1, 2003 | 10+ min read
Eye of Science / Photo Researchers, Inc. "The general character and structure of the rod-like individuals, together with their vegetative multiplication by fission, renders their schizomycetous nature as individuals a matter hardly to be doubted: but, on the other hand, the question may fairly be asked whether the remarkable phenomena may not indicate a possible relationship in other directions." --Roland Thaxter, 1892 While walking through the New England woods one day in the late 19th c
Targeting Estrogen Receptor-B: A Case Study in Drug Discovery
Jennifer Fisher Wilson | May 18, 2003 | 10+ min read
 Models of estradiol (left) and genistein. For decades, researchers believed that a single estrogen receptor mediated the effects of estrogens in the body. So imagine their surprise when Jan-Åke Gustafsson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm announced at a 1996 Keystone symposium the discovery of a second estrogen receptor in the rat prostate. The revelation added unexpected complexity to scientists' understanding of estrogen's biological action. Many attendees scurried back to

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