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tag tumor necrosis factor evolution culture

The Divine Cytokine
Bob Sinclair | Apr 2, 2000 | 10 min read
Tools for Cytokine Research Companies producing cytokines Courtesy of Alexis CorpCytokine Network Many proteins and peptides affect the growth, identity, and function of eukaryotic cells. Very often their effects are highly pleiotropic, making exact boundaries and distinctions between proteins such as hormones, growth factors, and cytokines difficult to pin down. The result is a nomenclature tangle almost as complex as the regulatory circuits these molecules mediate. Although this treatment of
microbiome drugs
How the Microbiome Influences Drug Action
Shawna Williams | Jul 15, 2019 | 10+ min read
Through their effects on metabolism and immunity, bacteria in the gut affect whether medications will be effective for a given patient.
A Small Revolution
Erica Westly | Oct 1, 2011 | 5 min read
In fewer than 15 years, nanomedicine has gone from fantasy to reality.
A Push and a Pull for PARP-1 in Aging
Jack Lucentini(jlucentini@the-scientist.com) | Aug 1, 2005 | 6 min read
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie aging remains a bedeviling problem, but not because of a lack of answers.
Monoclonal Antibodies Find Utility In Cell Biology
Ricki Lewis | Dec 11, 1994 | 10+ min read
But, just as antibodies are finding increasing utility in cell biology, a new Food and Drug Administration classification for those products with clinical utility may affect researchers' access to the important technology (see accompanying story). Monoclonal History MAbs were born in 1975, when Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein at the Medical Research Council Laboratories in Cambridge, England, fused two types of cells to form a hy
Monoclonal Antibodies Find Utility In Cell Biology
Ricki Lewis | Dec 11, 1994 | 10+ min read
But, just as antibodies are finding increasing utility in cell biology, a new Food and Drug Administration classification for those products with clinical utility may affect researchers' access to the important technology (see accompanying story). Monoclonal History MAbs were born in 1975, when Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein at the Medical Research Council Laboratories in Cambridge, England, fused two types of cells to form a hy
Epigenetics: Genome, Meet Your Environment
Leslie Pray | Jul 4, 2004 | 10+ min read
©Mehau Kulyk/Photo Researchers, IncToward the end of World War II, a German-imposed food embargo in western Holland – a densely populated area already suffering from scarce food supplies, ruined agricultural lands, and the onset of an unusually harsh winter – led to the death by starvation of some 30,000 people. Detailed birth records collected during that so-called Dutch Hunger Winter have provided scientists with useful data for analyzing the long-term health effects of prenat
Interferons And Interleukins: From Bench To Bedside
Ricki Lewis | Mar 21, 1993 | 7 min read
Interferons (IFs) and interleukins (ILs) are immune system biochemicals at the intersection of basic research and medical technology. Part of the class of secreted cellular regulators known as cytokines, IFs and ILs have experienced dizzying public relations ups and downs, hailed one season as tomorrow's wonder drugs, derided the next as toxic side effects emerge during therapy. type_Document_Title_here With many questions about the basic biology of these enigmatic immunochemicals stil
Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Life and Death
Amy Adams | Oct 10, 2004 | 8 min read
Professors P. Motta & T. Naguro/Photo ResearchersEach of our cells hangs in a delicate balance between life and death. Which path the cell takes depends on a dense web of signaling pathways that all converge on a single cellular switch, the mitochondrion. Most of the time, pro-life signals keep the mitochondrial membrane intact and encourage the organelle to churn out ATP. But when signals from the outside or accumulated toxins within the cell tip the scales, mitochondria push the cell down
Distinguishing Th1 and Th2 Cells
Jeffrey Perkel | May 13, 2001 | 10+ min read
Reagents That Distinguish Th1 and Th2 cells Courtesy of R&D SystemsSchematic representation of cytokines influencing the development of antigen-activated naive CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th2 cells. Editor's note: Although individual techniques are associated with specific researchers in this article, it should be noted that these investigators commonly use several different techniques to analyze T lymphocyte populations. The human body is constantly under siege. It must defend itself fr

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