Money Microbiome

Swabbing cash circulating in New York City reveals more than 3,000 different types of bacteria.

Written byJef Akst
| 2 min read

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FLICKR, IMAGES MONEYAnalyzing the genetic material on 80 $1 bills sampled from a Manhattan bank, researchers from New York University (NYU) have discovered a diverse array of microbes, most of which are relatively harmless to humans, but a few that may leave you washing your hands after every cash transaction. It total, they found more than 3,000 bacterial types, including some drug-resistant species, and known microbes accounted for just 20 percent of the non-human DNA the researchers isolated; the rest belongs to as-yet unidentified species.

“The idea is [that] traces of DNA which are left on the money can tell us about the state of health of New Yorkers,” project leader Jane Carlton of NYU’s Center for Genomics and Systems Biology told The Scientist late last year, as the work was still underway.

While the numbers may seem startling, the presence of microbes on money should not come as a surprise, said Philippe Etienne, managing director of Innovia Security Pty Ltd., which makes bank-note paper. “A body-temperature wallet is a Petri dish,” he told The Wall Street Journal.

The most abundant species the researchers identified were those that cause acne, followed by benign skin flora. More alarming discoveries included pathogenic Staphylococcus species as well as bacteria associated with gastric ulcers, ...

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  • Jef (an unusual nickname for Jennifer) got her master’s degree from Indiana University in April 2009 studying the mating behavior of seahorses. After four years of diving off the Gulf Coast of Tampa and performing behavioral experiments at the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga, she left research to pursue a career in science writing. As The Scientist's managing editor, Jef edited features and oversaw the production of the TS Digest and quarterly print magazine. In 2022, her feature on uterus transplantation earned first place in the trade category of the Awards for Excellence in Health Care Journalism. She is a member of the National Association of Science Writers.

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