Listeriosis is caused by the ingestion of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in contaminated food. In the October 26 Science, Glaser et al. report a comparative analysis of Listeria genomes aimed at identifying virulence genes (Science 2001, 294:849-852).

They sequenced the genomes of two Listeria strains; pathogenic L. monocytogenes EGD-e and a non-virulent species L. innocua.L. monocytogenes contains a single circular chromosome of 2.9 Mb, while L. innocua has a 3 Mb chromosome and an 80 kb plasmid. The two genomes encode similar numbers of genes: almost 3000 open reading frames, of which a third code for proteins with no known, or predicted, function. They also encode large numbers of putative surface proteins, transport proteins and transcriptional regulators. Many of these are likely to account for virulence and for the adaptability of Listeria species to diverse environmental conditions.

Glaser et al. identified hundreds of strain-specific genes, which are...