As artificial life forms become more sophisticated, we propose a simple list of criteria to determine whether synthetic biological organisms and robots are living beings.

A newly expanded genetic alphabet that includes four synthetic nucleotides highlights the need for strict boundaries on their use.

All life on Earth uses a genetic code based on four nucleotides. Now, scientists have created one with eight.

Researchers create permanent DNA records directly from transient RNA transcripts within bacterial cells.

The genetically engineered probiotic, already in clinical trials, may ease patients’ strict dietary regimes.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed only minor alterations in growth and gene expression when its 16 chromosomes were combined.

Scientists engineered human cells to produce a molecule that stimulates insulin secretion in the presence of caffeine.

The micro-bio-electronic device combines bacteria that can detect certain molecules along with wifi-connected electrical outputs.

The year’s most impressive achievements include new methods to extend CRISPR editing, patch-clamp neurons hands-free, and analyze the contents of live cells.