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Innovation en Masse

Biotech entrepreneur and Reading Frames author Safi Bahcall speaks about the emergent nature of invention.

The Scientist Staff

Feb 28, 2019 | 1 min read

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Close-up shot of sea surface with small waves

The Constellation of Creatures Inhabiting the Ocean Surface

Slideshow: Meet the Neuston, the Diverse Organisms Living at the Ocean’s Surface

Illustration showing where neuston reside

Infographic: Neuston Drift Atop the World’s Oceans

<em>Chlamydia</em> invades a host cell, forms a membrane-bound vacuole, or inclusion, and then modifies the protein composition of the structure’s membrane. If immune cells detect <em>Chlamydia</em> before it forms the inclusion, they trigger T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a powerful cytokine. IFN-γ activates the protein mysterin (also called RFN213), which attaches ubiquitin to the inclusion membrane, signaling the cell to destroy the inclusion’s contents by dumping them into a lysosome (left). C. trachomatis produces GarD, a protein that integrates into the inclusion membrane itself and somehow prevents mysterin from attaching ubiquitin, allowing the bacterium to evade immune destruction while continuing to multiply and eventually bursting from the cell (right).

Infographic: How Chlamydia Evades Immune Detection

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