Graph Revisionism I applaud Sam Jaffe's efforts to improve scientific data presentation.1 However, his statement that "bar graphs are a universal no-no" is not warranted. Worse yet, his suggested remedy is flawed. He suggests using line graphs to illustrate categorical data instead of bar graphs. The problem is that line graphs are based on the assumption that the data are continuously variable, unless there are breaks in the X axis. Also, points on a line graph do not solve his basic o

Ph.D. Production Table How many science and engineering Ph.D.s can a nation use and support? Does the United States have a glut, or is it about to have one? What price is a nation able and willing to pay for producing Ph.D.s? What is the relationship between a nation's economy and its production of Ph.D.s? In trying to answer such questions, I examined 1998 data in a variety of countries from three perspectives: * Total number of Ph.D.s produced, * Per capita production of Ph.D.s, * Per cap