Molly mating mystery

Researchers have proposed an explanation for how three species of tiny fish manage to coexist despite having seemingly incompatible modes of reproduction, according to a study published in __Oikos__ last week. The Amazon molly (__Poecilia formosa__) is an asexually reproducing species in which females produce only female clones via parthenogenesis. To initiate embryogenesis, however, Amazon mollies require sperm from the males of one of two closely related, but sexually reproducing, species sharing their habitats in southern Texas and northern Mexico -- the sailfin molly (__Poecilia latipinna__) or the shortfin molly (__Poecilia mexicana__).A male sailfin molly Image: USGS Ecological theory predicts that such species living as a complex in nature are doomed because population growth in the asexual species should overwhelm the metapopulation with females. That in turn would lead to a shortage of sperm and a collapse of the entire system. The ecological model proposed in the study suggests that with the right mating behavior in males, the arrangement could work. "It's an interesting paper in terms of highlighting this problem," linkurl:Laurence Loewe,;http://evolutionary-research.net/people/lloewe a University of Edinburgh evolutionary biologist, told __The Scientist__. "But I'm not so sure they solved it." While the model may not completely answer the question of how the mollies defy ecological theory and manage to coexist, it is one of the few solutions yet proposed. linkurl:Hanna Kokko,;http://www.helsinki.fi/~hmkokko/ an evolutionary ecologist at Helsinki University in Finland who led the research, based her mathematical model on the idea that if male members of the two sexual species are able to discriminate between females of their own species and females of the asexual species, the complex has a better chance of persisting. Males would mate with their own females more often than providing sperm for their asexual cousins. The model additionally suggests that if males are also relatively efficient -- that is, they can continue servicing both sexual and a few asexual females as population numbers rise -- the three species should be able to get along. And get along they do, though the system does collapse, with molly species going locally extinct on the average of once every four years, Kokko told __The Scientist__. Populations rebuild themselves, though, and the asexually and sexually reproducing species continue their mate sharing, an arrangement that has persisted for as long as 25,000 years. The Amazon molly, likely the result of a hybridization event between its two host species, has already existed for about as long as an asexual species is predicted to hang around, Kokko explained. Asexual species should theoretically accumulate deleterious mutations at a much faster rate than sexually reproducing species due to a lack of gene recombination. Another important factor in keeping the species complex going may be how the fish species share their watery habitats. Spatially complex structures, such as tree limbs and rock bottoms, may provide molly species with the opportunity to divide up their local habitats and limit interaction between males and asexual females. Kokko said that although her current model does not account for this spatial partitioning, she and her colleagues did address that aspect in a linkurl:paper;http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1636/817.abstract published last year in __Proceedings of the Royal Society B__. That model suggested that the coexistence of asexual and sexual mollies could be explained by habitat partitioning alone. But all three factors -- male discrimination, male efficiency, and spatial factors -- likely play a role, according to Kokko. "My gut feeling is that the spatial aspect could actually prove quite important," she said. The two sexual species also have broader home ranges, one stretching northward into the US and the other southward into Central America, where the asexual species do not occur. "That would mean there would be a reservoir of sexual species that the asexuals could not endanger," Loewe said. Kokko and her collaborators are now thinking about how they can test their ecological predictions. She said that they're looking into applying for funding to set up huge tanks outfitted with artificial ecosystems, or mesocosms, to observe the furtive interactions between the fish species. "We would love to have a mesocosm experiment," she said. **__Related stories:__***linkurl:Early fish had live birth;http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/55457/ [25th February 2009]*linkurl:Good golly, miss molly;http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/54780/ [July 2008]

Molly mating mystery

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