As J.L. Heilbron pointed out recently (The Scientist, March 9, 1987, p. 11), there is a real job here for the historians of science. They have had to master the languages of both science and politics, and to interpret between them. What they are now learning about the development of contemporary science contains important lessons for its future direction.
Professor Heilbron made it clear that he was talking here of the history of science in the broadest sense, including the sociology, philosophy, psychology, politics, economics and so forth of all the sciences and their associated technologies. The various metascientific disciplines (if that is not too pretentious a word) are converging and coalescing. From this general area of science studies are coming much more coherent images of science as a social institution—images that are much more relevant to policy than the traditional chronicles of discovery.
Policy-makers need access to the images ...