2 T cells are sufficient to control bacterial infections in mice that lack B or T cells.

HIV specific epitopes, human herpesvirus 6, and Nef proteins may be exploited for the production of an effective vaccine against AIDS.

ion conduction mechanism across membranes.

Recruitment of VEGF-responsive bone marrow-derived precursors is necessary and sufficient for tumor angiogenesis and growth.

The mechanism of gastroduodenal ulcer healing involves angiogenesis but the exact roles of molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) in this process remain unclear. In November Gastroenterology, Michael Jones and colleagues from University of California, Irvine, California show that gene therapy with a single local injection of naked DNA encoding VEGF and angiopoietin-1 can accelerate ulcer healing.Jones et al. induced ulcers in rats and then injected

Dictyostelium discoideum cells display a strong chemotactic response to cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), mediated by a cell surface receptor and G protein-linked signaling pathway. In October 26 Science, Masahiro Ueda and colleagues from Osaka University, Japan, show the first real-time images of how single fluorescent-labeled cAMP molecules bind to their receptors on living Dictyostelium amoebae.Ueda et al. used an objective-type total internal reflection fluorescence microscope to

The announcement of the completion of the sequencing of the puffer fish genome will help analysis of the human genome.

Wells syndromes.

The type III bacterial chaperones protect the harmful proteins produced by pathogenic bacteria until they are delivered across membranes into the host cell. In October 29 on line Nature Structural Biology, Yu Luo and colleagues from University of British Columbia, Canada report the structures of three type III chaperones, providing important details about the function of the proteins and the mechanisms employed to modulate the virulence of invasive bacteria.Luo et al. reported the crystal struct

The maps of electrical brain activity taken during the making of memories are well established, but how those memories are stored and subsequently released remains unclear. In 23 October Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Christy Job and James Eberwine from University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine show how neuronal dendrites use a fast translation mechanism for protein manufacture in a part of the brain devoted to making and storing memories.Job & Eberwine used multiphoton

New work has identified the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin and resolved the crystal structure of a component of the toxin.

Fetal stem cells assembled with cell-adhesive and controlled-release microparticles form transplantable neo-tissues, mimicking the microenvironment of developing tissue.