Retractions unsettle structural bio

Scientists from the Scripps Research Institute led by Geoffrey Chang have retracted three highly-cited papers (1, 2, 3) in Science on ATP binding cassette transporters, stating that new findings by another group invalidated their proposed structure and biology of the transporters. Two more retractions will appear in upcoming issues of the Journal of Molecular Biology and Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The retracted papers span more than five years of work."I'm not sure there's ever been a retraction of this magnitude in the field," said Kasper Locher, a researcher and professor at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics in Switzerland, and an author of a September 2006 paper in Nature that illustrated major problems with Chang et al's findings. In an interview with The Scientist, Chang said he regretted any confusion his papers may have caused. "I deeply apologize to those that used the old structures to come up with results that are incorrect," Chang said. "I feel pretty bad about that."The five retracted papers have been cited 729 times since their publication. Transporter proteins play a direct role in multidrug resistance, a growing problem seen in antibiotic resistance and in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. The retracted papers focused on the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters MsbA and EmrE.Chang et al's first paper about these transporters, published in Science in 2001, reported the first structure of a bacterial transporter protein using x-ray crystallographic analysis. Chang used this structure and the in-house software that had modeled the data to help gather data for four subsequent studies, published through 2005. However, some structural researchers reportedly had suspicions of Chang's structures from the first 2001 paper. Biochemical data suggested a different formation of homologous proteins, but given that Chang et al was the first to image the entire protein there was no visual evidence to which curious scientists could compare the findings, according to Christopher Higgins, director of the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre at the Imperial College of London, and a researcher of ABC transporters. Higgins said he had early doubts about Chang's structures. "We looked at [the structure] and knew it was wrong, but couldn't prove why," Higgins said. Then, last September, Roger Dawson and Kasper Locher published their paper in Nature, presenting a new, highly-resolved structure of a homologous transporter, which illustrated an inherent flaw in Chang et al's research. In his retraction notice, Chang writes that a glitch in his own software had made his structure incorrect, an unintentional error that undid half a decade's worth of work.The software glitch had switched data, creating an image with the ribboned-strands of the transporter protein in reverse -- essentially a mirrored image of the correct arrangement. Also, the end of the strands, or fingers, were also mis-cast, all by a mere 10 lines of the software program, according to Chang. Unfortunately, at the time of the research, Chang said he considered the software's original interpretation of the data as trustworthy as a social security number. "I didn't question it then," said Chang. "Obviously now I check it all the time," he added.Higgins said that the erroneous structures have caused a great deal of confusion over the past five years but that the retraction is an affirmation of the strength of the scientific method. "We go into the unknown and gradually bits of data come together," said Higgins. "It's a positive reflection on science." Andrea Gawrylewski agawrylewski@the-scientist.comLinks within this article:Geoffrey Chang http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20010129/chang.htmlG. Chang and C.B. Roth, "Structure of MsbA from E. coli; a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters," Science, September 7, 2001. http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/11546864.C.L.Reyes and G. Chang, "Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP.vanadate and lipopolysaccharide.," Science, May 13, 2005. http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/15890884O. Pornillos et al, "X-ray structure of the EmrE multidrug transporter in complex with a substrate," Science, December 23, 2005. http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/16373573G. Chang, "Structure of MsbA from Vibrio cholera: a multidrug resistance ABC transporter homolog in a closed conformation," Journal of Molcular Biology, July 4, 2003. http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/12823979C. Ma and G Chang, "Structure of the multidrug resistance efflux transporter EmrE from Escherichia coli," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 2, 2004. http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/14970332 RJ Dawson and K Locher, "Structure of a bacterial multidrug ABC transporter," September 14, 2006. http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/16943773M. Stephan, "A tale of two transporters," The Scientist, November 17, 2003. http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/14257 Christopher Higgins http://www.hgc.gov.uk/Client/Content.asp?ContentId=707C. Higgins and KJ Linton, "Structural biology. The xyz of ABC transporters," Science, September 7, 2001 http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/11546861G. Chang et al. Retraction, Science, December 22, 2006 http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/17185584

Retractions unsettle structural bio

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