The Stanford University researcher charted the human sleep cycle and characterized numerous sleep disorders.

The University of Toronto and University of Vienna pharmacologist developed L-dopa, a precursor to dopamine that remains the most widely used therapy for Parkinson’s disease.

The Field Museum researcher and biology instructor, who died of complications associated with COVID-19, used DNA sequencing to identify new species of plants and birds.

The Boston University professor, who died of complications related to COVID-19, spent more than 40 years researching the lives of bats.

The University of South Alabama professor, who died of complications related to COVID-19, reconstructed the historic range of plants that once grew in the southeastern US.

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution scientist developed telemetry devices to study animals’ physiology in the wild.

A cancer researcher with a talent for leadership, Marks turned the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center into one of the world’s foremost oncology research institutions.

The University of Pittsburgh scientist, who was studying SARS-CoV-2, was shot to death in his home.

The taxonomist described more than 800 species of fish.