The UCSD psychiatry researcher championed the concept of mental illness as a neurobiological condition and helped form the US government’s Decade of the Brain initiative.

The Indiana University professor was known for his research on the evolution of organismal development.

The former head of cancer medicine at MD Anderson Cancer Center helped change clinical practice for laryngeal cancer and helped establish chemoprevention.

The head of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases was a leader in the study of skin-based immunology.

The scientific community said goodbye to a number of leading researchers this year.

The chemist and biophysicist won a Nobel prize for the development of a technique to probe the structures of nucleotide-protein complexes.

Her work changed the discipline by bringing rigorous experimentation to field studies of monkeys and baboons.

Breslau found that interpersonal traumas, not just combat or natural disasters, can cause post-traumatic stress disorder.

Gates was director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology and a strong advocate for coral conservation.