The Harvard Medical School researcher’s work on the genetic basis of protein coding and production led him to make groundbreaking discoveries in immunology, molecular biology, and cancer genetics.

The Vanderbilt University professor was awarded a Nobel Prize for his discovery of epidermal growth factor.

Havran described gamma-delta T cells’ direct function in epithelial repair.

An expert on carbohydrate transport, Kornberg contributed to the discovery of several metabolic cycles in microorganisms during his seven-decade career.

The Stanford University researcher’s groundbreaking work connected the fields of molecular biology and genetics, paving the way for the founding of genomics.

The mechanobiologist at Washington University in St. Louis studied how plants sense their environment.

The Rockefeller University neuroendocrinologist made landmark discoveries on how hormones affect brain structure.

The 58-year-old was best known for uncovering evidence of a link between pathogens and the neurodegenerative disease.

The scientific community said goodbye to Sydney Brenner, Paul Greengard, Patricia Bath, and a number of other leading researchers this year.