The mechanobiologist at Washington University in St. Louis studied how plants sense their environment.

The Rockefeller University neuroendocrinologist made landmark discoveries on how hormones affect brain structure.

The 58-year-old was best known for uncovering evidence of a link between pathogens and the neurodegenerative disease.

The scientific community said goodbye to Sydney Brenner, Paul Greengard, Patricia Bath, and a number of other leading researchers this year.

The physician-researcher laid the groundwork for genetic cloning and led the US Food and Drug Administration as the country faced the AIDS crisis in the 1980s.

The physician, toxicologist, and expert witness drew attention to health issues caused by radiation and toxic chemicals.

Bardin’s work helped lead to the development of long-acting contraceptive devices for women.

The Penn State University scientist was known for her work on fish’s perception of pain.

The University of Maryland, Baltimore County, neuroscientist was known for pioneering work on laughter, yawning, hiccupping, and tears.