The University of Maryland, Baltimore County, neuroscientist was known for pioneering work on laughter, yawning, hiccupping, and tears.

The long-time Marine Biological Laboratory scientist was known for using his own hand-built microscopes to image the dynamics of live cells.

In addition to his work on widely-used techniques, the researcher was known for engineering crop plants.

The physician and researcher challenged the Chinese government over her findings of widespread hepatitis and HIV contamination during blood collection.

The University of Cambridge scholar’s research on folding proteins advanced scientists’ understanding of illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and type 2 diabetes.

The Tufts University biologist and physician sounded the alarm on the effects of antibiotic use in animals.

He led the National Library of Medicine for 31 years and oversaw the implementation of PubMed, MedlinePlus, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

The Northwestern University professor developed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, an invaluable technique for detecting and identifying individual molecules.

The Nobel laureate was a proponent of LSD, a consultant for O.J. Simpson’s legal defense, and the creator of a company that infused jewelry with celebrities’ DNA.