The finding that a bacterium within a bacterium within an animal cell cooperates with the host on a biosynthetic pathway suggests the endosymbiont is, practically speaking, an organelle.

Water flows between a dead-looking stump and nearby trees on an alternating schedule.

Symbiotic fungi can adjust where they transport nutrients to plant roots based on where they are needed.

Kelp in warm, acidified waters develop blistered fronds—and the composition of microbial communities could help explain why, a study suggests.

Green fluorescent protein lures algal symbionts to corals.

Scientists discover a third fungus that is widespread in lichens, but it’s not clear yet whether it’s a partner in the algal-fungal symbiosis or a bystander.

The fungi are made to generate electricity with the help of photosynthesizing bacteria looped together on a graphene circuit. 

Aphids induce their host plants to produce tiny hairs that help keep the surfaces water-repellent.

Gates was director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology and a strong advocate for coral conservation.