June 1990

After spending $200,000 in assistance for each Ph.D., the government offers long odds to researchers setting up on their own WASHINGTON - In her youth, Patricia McGraw studied music and as a teenager was a concert pianist. These past nine years, though, she has studied science and now is an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University of Maryland Baltimore County Campus. As a pianist she worried about improving her musical prowess. As a scientist, she sometimes wonders whether

Reviewers will have to think twice, now that tenure evaluation letters can be used as evidence in bias cases Academic scientists who are denied tenure and then sue universities on the basis of discrimination will find little, if any, information to support their case in written evaluations submitted by their peers. In fact, tenure candidates and the universities considering them will now have difficulty even recruiting researchers to honestly evaluate colleagues' work. These, scientists and s

Applied Biosystems finds that as a start-up's glamour fades, it must stress a return to basics FOSTER CITY, CALIF. - The engineer who cofounded Applied Biosystems and made it into a superstar of the biotech instruments industry, only to step back and see it stumble, is back at the helm. And Andre Marion believes that what once worked for the company is also the surest route to its future success. "Success lies in the ability to take chances," says Marion, who returned to hands-on management o

Petition intended to stop attendance at meetings until Fang is released; but some say the tactic is wrong or worthless WASHINGTON - The firm, clear voice belies his frail appearance at the podium. But that shouldn't have surprised anyone at last month's press conference. Former Soviet dissident Yuri Orlov is talking about a subject that he knows all-too-painfully well: a boycott by scientists of meetings sponsored by a Communist government until that government relinquishes its control over a

BOSTON - An unpublished study that examines the cost of bringing a new drug to market has revived debate over whether data should be released to the public prior to peer review. The study, which cites a figure that is nearly twice as high as previous estimates, is already being used in ongoing discussions over federal policies on drug pricing and the investment in research by the pharmaceutical industry. The just-completed analysis by the Tufts University Center for the Study of Drug Developme

Federal office helps scientists get controlled substances, but the price is paperwork and secrecy WASHINGTON - Pharmacologist Louis Harris keeps his drugs in a massive safe bolted securely to the floor of his lab at Virginia Commonwealth University. Barbara Slifer, a behavioral pharmacologist at the University of New Orleans, refuses to tell her lab partners where she's stashed the chemicals for their next experiment. They and thousands of their colleagues around the country can wait weeks and

With the new decade well under way, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is beginning to implement its plan for the 1990s. One goal outlined is the establishment of four new academic environmental centers to carry out fundamental research into burgeoning environmental problems. Eight university centers have already been established since the program's inception in 1979, when the Office of Exploratory Research was also put in force to administer research grants and centers. Applic

A Stealth Technology Policy? Critics of the Bush administration's approach to what is nowadays called technology policy - that is, government actions meant to strengthen certain industries deemed essential for the health of the U.S. economy - had a field day during a hearing last month on the subject before the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee. The chairman, Sen. Ernest Hollings (D-S.C.), wondered whether a range of such key technologies "will receive government backing or

Bill TAPs Labs For Industry A New York congressman has introduced a bill that is meant to do for industry what the Department of Agriculture's extension service has long done for farming. The bill (H.R. 4659), entitled the Technology Access Program, would provide easy access to federally funded research for businesses nationwide, says Rep. John LaFalce (D-N.Y.). Modeled on both the federal extension service and a state-level technology access service in Minnesota, TAP would authorize the Nation

Jobs In Space For those scientists desiring a celestial career, the Princeton Planetary Society has the publication for you. PPS, a nonprofit, student-run education group at Princeton University in New Jersey, has recently published its premier edition of Space Jobs. The publication offers a listing of full-time job opportunities, most of which are entry-level openings, with consulting and engineering firms, NASA, and nonprofit organizations as well as summer employment opportunities and a spec

Awards Honor Epilepsy Research Now in its second year, the American Epilepsy Society Awards Program recognizes young and senior investigators who are trying to understand and prevent childhood-onset epilepsy. The society seeks nominations for five awards to be made during its annual meeting in November. Two awards of $150,000 apiece go to senior investigators - one to a clinical researcher and the other to a basic scientist -whose research into the pediatric aspects of epilepsy has a long track

Henry I. Smith, a professor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's department of electrical engineering and computer science, has been named MIT's Joseph F. and Nancy P. Keithley Professor in Electrical Engineering. The chair is named after the founder and chairman of the Cleveland-based Keithley Instruments Inc., a company that produces very-high-input impedance electronic instruments and semiconductor fabrication test equipment, and his wife. Smith is known as the originator of X-ray

The celebration of Earth Day in April reminded us of the importance of a healthful environment and focused attention on natural biological processes that prevent or minimize environmental contamination. Bioremediation is just such a process. It offers promise great enough to have spawned a growing industry. The industry's representatives met recently in Washington, D.C., with officials of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to confer on bioremediation and its future applications. Bi

During its centenary year in 1987, scientists and policymakers alike hailed the National Institutes of Health as the "crown jewel" of the U.S. government's biomedical research enterprise. And today, despite administrative problems, such as complaints of noncompetitive pay for senior investigators and occasional public embarrassments, such as undisclosed conflicts of interest (see Science 248:676, 1990), NIH is still home to some of the world's most distinguished biomedical scientists. The Scie

The Scientist has asked a group of experts to comment periodically upon recent articles that they have found noteworthy. Their selections, presented herein every issue, are neither endorsements of content nor the result of systematic searching. Rather, the list represents personal choices of articles the columnists believe the scientific community as a whole may also find interesting. Reprints of any articles cited here may be ordered through The Genuine Article, 3501 Market St., Philadelphia,

Immunologist Steven D. Marlin sits in a plush office at Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals in Ridgefield, Conn., joking with two of his collaborators, Vincent J. Merluzzi and Donald E. Staunton. The three are recalling the serendipitous events that linked independent research projects and spurred the development of a genetically engineered human protein that prevents major cold viruses from infecting cells in vitro. Marlin and Merluzzi, working in collaboration with investigators at the Erns

M. Schuermann, M. Neuberg, J.B. Hunter, T. Jenuwein, et al., "The leucine repeat motif in Fos protein mediates complex formation with Jun/AP-1 and is required for transformation," Cell, 56, 507-16, 10 February 1989. M. Neuberg, M. Schuermann, J.B. Hunter, R. Müller, "Two functionally different regions in Fos are required for the sequence-specific DNA interaction of the Fos/Jun protein complex," Nature, 338, 589-90, 13 April 1989. Manfred Neuberg (Institut für Molekularbiologie und T

When Indira Rajagopal, a molecular biology postdoc, was called away from a job in San Diego to attend to a family emergency back home in India, she figured she would be back at the lab bench within a few weeks. But visa trouble intervened. While she was in India, her temporary visa to work in the United States expired, so she applied for a new one. She was ready to return to the U.S. within three weeks. Her visa wasn't ready for her, though. "It took several months" to get the new visa, she r

At first glance the mandate set before the Commission on Health Research for Development when it was formed in 1987 may have read like an assignment from Mission Impossible: "to survey current health research worldwide, identify strengths and weaknesses, and propose improvements." But the independent international commission, headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., completed its task (the first of its kind) and recently published its findings in a 136-page report entitled "Health Research: Essential

Gerald R. Fink, American Cancer Society Professor of Genetics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, has been named the new director of the institute. Fink will assume the post July 1, succeeding David Baltimore, who has accepted the presidency of Rockefeller University. Fink was nominated by an eight-member search committee composed of MIT and Whitehead Institute faculty members, with the final selection being made by Whitehead's board of d

Milton W. Brightman, section chief on brain structural plasticity in the Laboratory of Neurobiology at the National Institutes of Health, has been appointed the first Edward Horne Craigie Scholar. The honor is named for the noted biomedical scientist who conducted pioneering research on brain capillaries. Craigie, who died last year at the age of 94, was associated with the University of Toronto's departments of biology and zoology for more than 70 years. To honor Craigie, present and former f

Kerry J. Vahala, assistant professor of applied physics and a specialist in quantum electronics and lasers at the California Institute of Technology, has been chosen as the first recipient of the Richard P. Feynman-Hughes Fellowship. Sponsored by the Los Angeles-based Hughes Aircraft Co., the fellowship is named after the late Richard P. Feynman, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his theory of quantum electrodynamics and was also a Caltech faculty member and consultant to Hughes.

Many biochemical studies routinely performed by researchers, such as protein assays and DNA studies, require the detection of extremely minute quantities of material. However, such small quantities are usually undetectable by the Lowry assay, UV spectroscopy, and other conventional methods of chemical analysis. This problem was solved with the development in the 1940s of chemical tests that use radioisotopes to label the material in question before it is assayed. This technology has allowed sci