September 1989

The Best Defense Is A Strong Offense Allan Bromley, sworn in on August 4 as the president’s science adviser and the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, appears to differ from his predecessors on the relative importance of national security in strengthening the nation’s scientific base. While William Graham and George (“Jay” Keyworth, with similar backgrounds in black-box military research, stressed the importance of defense-related R&D, Bromley took

Argonne Reactor Program Turns To The East Faced with dwindling U.S. interest in nuclear power research, Argonne National Lab has turned to Japan to save its reactor research program. In July the lab reached an agreement with the Japanese electric industry that will see $20 million over five years poured into a lab program on “pyrometallurgical” fuel reprocessing. The technique separates radioactive elements from used fuel for recasting into new fuel, thereby allowing the reactor to

Federal Aid For The Mouse Mart? Jackson Lab in Bar Harbor, Maine, has cleared its first hurdle in getting federal funds to rebuild after its devastating May 10 fire (The Scientist, June 26, 1989, page 5). In late July the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee approved a bill that would authorize $25 million to construct a new facility for the production of inbred and mutant mice to be used in biological research. Although the legislation calls for competitive bidding, the presumed benefic

Betting On Biotech Some states use lotteries to finance vital needs that could not be met by their annual budgets. One state, for example, might earmark lottery profits for education, another for programs to aid its elderly. Legislators in Iowa, which is largely dependent on agricultural growth, took a look at the needs of their state—and decided that one pressing need was more biotech. Every year since 1986 the state lottery agency has turned over $4.25 million to Iowa Slate University&

Tables Turn For Xerox Spin-Off Although Envos Corp., an artificial intelligence spin-off of the Xerox Corp., folded back into Xerox last spring after nine months in operation, the parent company is “absolutely” committed to developing similar ventures in the future, according to Xerox spokesman Peter Hawes. “We have been trying to identify [Xerox] technologies,” says Hawes, “and choose which. ..might lend themselves to alternative exploitation.” Envos, which

Clinical Ecology: Irritant or Cure? An American College of Physicians committee seems to have had an allergic reaction to clinical ecology, a field of research based on the contention that certain people are sensitive to synthetic chemicals at very low doses. According to the committee, which published its review in the July 15 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine, clinical ecology lacks “definition,” uses “procedures of no proven efficacy,” and conducts studies that ar

Kresge Works To Rebuild Labs Seattle University will renovate its chemistry labs; the University of Notre Dame is fixing up its Center for Biotechnology and Pollution Control; and Clark University in Worcester, Mass., will get new equipment for its Consortium Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility. These schools are three of 15 institutions to receive Kresge Foundation Science Initiative Grants. The two-year program provided $5 million in 1989 and will provide $5 million in 1990 to nonprofit inst

Animal Rights A particularly negative effect on the attitudes of younger people toward science and on other aspects of the decision to join the scientific enterprise may be arising as a resuIt of the efforts of the “animal rights” movement. While the philosophy of many in this movement is that animal research is immoral even if it saves human lives, their propaganda often attacks the scientific and medical value of research using animals, its relevance to human health problems, an

Scientific Hype Regarding the article “Hyped Science: Researchers Are Hurting Their Own Cause” (The Scientist, May 15, 1989, page 11), the author [Dorothy Nelkin] has a legitimate complaint when she points out some cases where new discoveries have been abused by the media. But there is another side to the issue: If a scientist should make a new, legitimate discovery and follow the advice of the author, he or she will encounter many difficulties. The first presentation of finding

Scaw Defined Leland Clark’s letter (The Scientist, May 29, 1989, page 10) makes several unsupported and incorrect allegations about the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW). SCAW is not an animal rights organization. SCAW is an independent, educational, nonprofit organization concerned with the care, handling, and use of animals. SCAW was founded 11 years ago to bring accepted standards and techniques of academic scholarship to bear on questions relating to the determination of an

LIFE SCIENCES BY SIMON SILVER Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of Illinois Chicago, Ill. " Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a several million-fold increase in template DNA (in a few hours of temperature cycling with a thermo-stable DNA polymerase) has become a powerful tool for both basic and applied molecular biology. T.J. White, N. Arnheim, H.A. Erlich, “The polymerase chain reaction,” Trends in Genetics, 5, 185-9, June 1989. (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Emeryville,

CHEMISTRY BY MARYE ANNE FOX Department of Chemistry University of Texas, Austin Austin, Tex. " Alkoxide ligands, acting as pi donors to stabilize early transition metals in high oxidation states, and carbonyls, acting as pi acceptors to stabilize late transition elements in low oxidation states, provide complementary ligand effects to inorganic clusters. A recent article summarizes the effect of such ligands in controlling substrate binding; electronic saturation, and stenc control in organo

PHYSICS BY FRANK A. WILCZEK School of Natural Sciences Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, NJ. " The latest Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for pioneering work in experimental investigation of neutrino properties. The fascinating story of how these elusive particles have evolved from theorists’ fancy into experimental reality, and indeed have become some of our best tools in exploring the fundamental physics of the microcosm, has been told in the acceptance speeches of the prize

At next week’s gathering of the American Chemical Society—running from Sept. 10 to 15 in Miami Beach, Fla., more than 8,000 chemists will cover chemistry topics ranging literally from A to Z. The meeting is to feature 524 technical sessions and some 3,500 papers, ranging from agrochemical regulation to zeolite synthesis. To coincide with this event, The Scientist asked the Philadelphia-based Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) to search its 1988 Research Front database to i

GEOSCIENCES BY PETER J. SMITH Department of Earth Science Open University Milton Keynes, U.K. " New seismic data from Australia combined with earlier world data indicate that, depending on the precise assumptions made about the earth’s outer liquid core, the solid inner core has an ellipticity of 1.9 x 10^-3 to 5.6 x 10^-3 . This corresponds to a polar flattening of 1.6 to 5.0 km. A. Souriau, M. Souriau, “Ellipticity and density at the inner core boundary from subcritical PKiKP a

Geologists Priscilla and Edward Grew have been happily married for the past 14 years. Yet the success of their relationship can hardly be attributed to “togetherness.” Far from it. Priscilla, director of the Minnesota Geological Survey and a full professor of geology at the University of Minnesota, lives in Minneapolis. Edward, meanwhile, is a research associate professor at the University of Maine in Orono. And that’s where he lives—about 1,000 miles as the crow flies,

They wander along the shore in Hawaii. The surf breaks; the fragrance of plumeria fills the December air as husband and wife type furiously on their portable computers. That’s how physicist and physician Jerold Lowenstein and anthropologist Adrienne Zihlman spend their winter holiday. From their perspective, the opportunity to collaborate on popular articles about molecular evolution is an advantage of being married to a fellow scientist. By contrast, geologists Priscilla and Edward

The rapid growth of a five-year-old National Science Foundation geology program may soon mean that scientists can view the earth’s interior with the unprecedented three-dimensional clarity of medical imaging. The NSF effort, known as the Continental Lithosphere Program, is supporting the construction over several years of an ambitious $30 million international network of seismic measuring stations. The stations, when combined with mathematical algorithms borrowed from medicine’s

Barbara Garrison, 40, was recently named head of the department of chemistry at Penn State University, becoming the first woman ever to achieve that status at the school. Garrison, a theoretical chemist who has written more than 100 publications and has given nearly 100 invited talks, is widely known for her models of the interaction of energetic particles with solids and has worked extensively with supercomputers. Recently, her modeling methods have been successful in mimicking thin-film growt

At the same time a Canadian government chemist is appealing his dismissal over the nature of his criticism of a breast implant device (see story on page 7), a U.S. Geological Survey scientist in Menlo Park, Calif., who took a stand on a local environmental dispute faces a 28-day suspension. The geological survey says that geologist Howard Wilshire violated its guidelines by allowing an environmental activist to accompany him on a survey. The controversy began in February when Wilshire, a 30