Opinion: How to Define Life

As artificial life forms become more sophisticated, we propose a simple list of criteria to determine whether synthetic biological organisms and robots are living beings.

Written byJohn D. Loike and Robert Pollack
| 3 min read
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Case Western Reserve University researchers are moving toward creating robots with superior emotional intelligence. They’re advancing artificial intelligence (AI) to create next-gen personalized robots that can read human emotions in real time. What will be the next step in AI robots? If they can be developed to mimic biological life, do we confer the status of living creatures on them? Do we confer personhood as well?

The development of biocomputers that use strands of nucleic acid to perform rapid parallel computations and human-like robots with artificial intelligence, such as Sophia, are exciting technological endeavors that require scientists to define life. In fact, some countries, including Saudi Arabia, have given robots like Sophia national citizenship. At the same time, innovative technologies in synthetic biology present new challenges to life as it exists today. Scientists are now creating organisms that incorporate synthetic letters of our DNA that ...

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Meet the Author

  • John Loike

    John Loike serves as the interim director of bioethics at New York Medical College and as a professor of biology at Touro University. He served previously as the codirector for graduate studies in the Department of Physiology Cellular Biophysics and director of Special Programs in the Center for Bioethics at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. His biomedical research focuses on how human white blood cells combat infections and cancer. Loike lectures internationally on emerging topics in bioethics, organizes international conferences, and has published more than 150 papers and abstracts in the areas of immunology, cancer, and bioethics. He earned his Ph.D. from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University.

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