A physician and neurobiologist at the Rockefeller University who specialized in addiction research, Kreek was best known for her work on developing the treatment for heroin addiction.

The cancer researcher and executive vice president of AstraZeneca’s oncology research and development is well known for his role in the development of pivotal breast cancer therapies.

Wolpert, who conducted research at University College London, was known for his work on morphogenesis and pattern development in embryos and for his multiple books and broadcast appearances.

The oncologist developed lifesaving childhood leukemia treatments and revolutionized chemotherapy.

His career was dedicated to understanding and protecting frog populations.

The Cardiff University researcher was famous both for his work on genetic disorders and for his documentation of the history of his field.

The Rutgers University researcher created the first FDA-authorized spit test, which has since been used by millions of people.

The Boyce Thompson Institute researcher’s work revealed key insights into how plant pathogens recognize and colonize their hosts.

Sykes sequenced famous ancient remains, such as Ötzi and Cheddar Man, and was one of the first researchers to use mitochondrial DNA to trace genetic lineages.