Within a decade from their first demonstration, organoids have become a quintessential tool for fundamental and biomedical research, serving as relevant models for studying human development and disease.1 Animal and classical 2D cell culture models dominated biological research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. While these models offer unique advantages for understanding cellular signaling pathways, drug action mechanisms, and disease pathologies, one system alone cannot address them all. Therefore, researchers use various systems at different stages of basic and translational research. However, assessing information from different models slows down discovery for human clinical applications.2
Further, several biological phenomena that are specific to humans do not occur in animal models. For example, several human brain cell types are not found in the rodent brain. Also, the human brain’s neurodevelopmental mechanisms are far more complex compared to those in rodent brains. Moreover, human brain cell physiology differs when grown in ...
