Win, place, or cell

He sees us coming, head sticking out of his stall at Santa Anita racetrack in Arcadia, Calif., ears forward to catch the sounds of voices and the crinkling cellophane that heralds his favorite: peppermints. Four days earlier, Greg's Gold won again, pushing his earnings to $951,000 and setting a track record for 7.5 furlongs on the closing weekend at Hollywood Park.None of that seemed likely two years ago. In 2005, Greg's Gold ended a race he won with a bowed tendon. "The ligaments were just shredded," says the horse's trainer, David Hofmans, "and that usually means the end of a racehorse's career." The tendon and ligaments will heal with time off, but the resulting scar tissue reduces flexibility and the horse is slowed down significantly.

Hofmans and veterinarian Wade Byrd didn't want the horse's career to be over. Byrd had a solution: After administering a local anesthetic, he made an incision under the horse's tail and removed a pad of adipose tissue, which he sent overnight to a company called Vet-Stem, in Poway, CA. There, technicians washed the adipose tissue in a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), and added collagenase and hyaluronidase in an attempt to isolate stem cells. Vet-Stem returned the mixture in a refrigerated container in less than 48 hours, and Byrd injected the cells at the site of the shredded ligaments.Ten months later, Greg's Gold won his first top tier stakes race since the injury. He's now raced eight times, winning three and placing in all but one of his races. Hofmans says he would recommend the treatment for other horses: "Absolutely, I think it's the only treatment for this kind of injury."The company has clearly impressed trainers and veterinarians. Since being founded in 2002, Vet-Stem has treated almost 3,000 horses, according to CEO Bob Harman, including racehorses, polo, dressage, eventing horses, cutting, roping and barrel racing horses, and show horses. (See our past coverage of Vet-Stem.) Take Maryland veterinarian George Harmening, who has treated three racehorses and three dressage horses so far. He says he will use it as often as he can in horses that have ligament and tendon injuries. Every horse he's treated so far has had a favorable outcome.But the evidence -- largely anecdotal -- hasn't convinced everyone yet. In some cases, the horses have come in under false names, which is a common problem: No one wants a competitor to know when their horse has a bowed tendon. "We really need an indication of how many horses have been treated and what the actual success rates are," says Larry Bramlage, a veterinarian with Rood & Riddle in Lexington, KY. Rood & Riddle uses Vet-Stem's technology when it's requested, but hasn't had the successes reported elsewhere. "The re-occurrence rate is high and the treated tendon is still weak," says Bramlage, who explains that when a tendon forms in a young horse -- or human -- it's flexible, but over time loses that flexibility and does not regain it. "The initial results need to stand the test of time. I am waiting for evidence that the cure rate is sustained over time."The original idea behind using stem cells was that they would differentiate into tendon and ligament cells. That's proven wrong, says Vet-Stem advisory board member Art Caplan, who studies stem cell therapeutics at Case Western Reserve University. The stem cells seem to calm the inflammatory reaction, then organize for the self-repair of the damaged tissue. "We had no idea of the trophic effect the stem cells would have," says Harman.Caplan acknowledges that it's not clear why the technique works: "Clinicians do things because they know or suspect they work; it may take us [researchers] twenty years to explain why." The lack of clarity and transparency frustrates Lisa Fortier, who studies stem cell applications in cartilage regeneration in the horse at Cornell Veterinary School. "The way Vet-Stem works makes it very difficult to gather data. Academics are data driven but don't have as extensive a client base as a company like Vet-Stem does, but we keep detailed records." She worries that if, over time, the Vet-Stem method does not hold up, people will discard stem cells as something that doesn't work.Vet-Stem has also expanded their treatment to dogs. In the Winter 2007 issue of Veterinary Therapeutics, they report on a randomized, double-blind study of dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints. The conclusion: "This multicenter study shows that intraarticular administration of adipose-derived stem and regenerative cell therapy decreases patient discomfort and increases patient functional ability." Owners of three of the dogs participating in the study were considering euthanasia before the dogs were treated, and those three dogs have improved. The company is in the process of setting up a pilot study with 5 investigators, all internal medicine DVMs, for dogs with chronic inflammatory liver disease. In the meantime, Vet-Stem has an agreement with the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubai to offer the treatment to horses in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar -- countries that are hardly strangers to high-end horses. They are also offering a small pilot program to horse breeders -- storage of umbilical cord perinatal cells for future use in case of injury or disease. Each foal will have five doses of these cells cryogenically stored for his or her lifetime, for $3,000.Back at the track, Greg's Gold is raring to go, according to Hofmans and will run in the San Carlos Handicap, a race for 4 year olds and up at 7 furlongs at Santa Anita on February 16. He'll probably run as the favorite: He set a track record in his last race at a similar distance.Margaret Guthrie mail@the-scientist.comImage: Greg's Gold winning the Pat O'Brien Handicap at Del Mar; courtesy of Del Mar racetrack. Links within this article:S. Pincock, "Stem cells in racehorses," The Scientist, October 24, 2005 http://www.thescientist.com/news/display/15804/Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital http://www.roodandriddle.com/index.phpI. Wilmut, "The case for cloning humans," The Scientist, October 24, 2005. http://www.thescientist.com/article/display/15421/Art Caplan, Case Western Reserve University http://www.case.edu/artsci/biol/people/caplan.htmlLisa Fortier, Cornell Veterinary School http://www.vet.cornell.edu/labs/fortier/L.L. Black, "Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial," Vet Ther., 8:272-284 http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/18183546Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai http://www.cvrl.ae/

Win, place, or cell

The Scientist ARCHIVES

Become a Member of

Keywords

Meet the Author

Margaret Guthrie

Related Research Resources

Why Do Some People Get Drunk Faster Than Others?

Research Resources

Podcasts

Webinars

Videos

Infographics

eBooks

Sex Differences in Neurological Research

New Frontiers in Vaccine Development

New Approaches for Decoding Cancer at the Single-Cell Level

Organoids as a Tool for Tissue Regeneration Research

Products

Product News

Sapient Partners with Alamar Biosciences to Extend Targeted Proteomics Services Using NULISA™ Assays for Cytokines, Chemokines, and Inflammatory Mediators

Bio-Rad Extends Range of Vericheck ddPCR Empty-Full Capsid Kits to Optimize AAV Vector Characterization

Leveraging PCR for Rapid Sterility Testing

Understanding the Nuts and Bolts of qPCR Assay Controls