So-called mossy fiber synapses in the hippocampus can meter the amount of neurotransmitter they receive by sending glutamate against the usual direction of synaptic flow.

In an unexpected twist in neuroscience dogma, the cells on the receiving end of neurotransmission appear to be able to release glutamate to regulate the transmitting cell’s activity.

The 38-year-old synthetic biologist comes from a long line of tinkerers and engineers.

Food restriction decreases a metabolite that impedes associative learning in worms.