Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna reprogrammed the bacterial immune response into one of the most popular tools for genetics and molecular biology.
Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles Rice share the Physiology or Medicine award for their contributions to identifying the virus and demonstrating that it was responsible for hepatitis among blood transfusion recipients.
For the Physiology or Medicine award, Peter Ratcliffe, William Kaelin, and Gregg Semenza are credited with figuring out molecular and genetic responses to oxygen levels.
One of the foremost molecular biologists of the 20th century, the Nobel laureate established C. elegans as a model organism, mapping its genes and development.
Watch as Nobel laureate Venki Ramakrishnan, who wrote the December Reading Frames essay, discusses Brexit and the importance of sharing scientific insights with the public.