A T cell discovery, “hachimoji” DNA, a new species of human, and mounting fears of espionage rounded off the list this year.

Integrating a specialized histone into large segments of transgenic DNA enables centromere formation.

Recruiting an epigenetic instigator of centromere formation into large segments of cloned DNA facilitates their transformation into artificial chromosomes.

Study shows the viability of bacteria with human-made, recoded DNA.

A newly expanded genetic alphabet that includes four synthetic nucleotides highlights the need for strict boundaries on their use.

All life on Earth uses a genetic code based on four nucleotides. Now, scientists have created one with eight.