The former Columbia University professor’s early work helped illuminate the structure of penicillin, allowing chemists to make variants and broaden the scope of antibiotic treatments.

A photograph of microbes producing the antibiotic actinorhodin is one of many images on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History this winter.

Experiments in mice and people find that probiotic supplements don’t consistently change the composition of the gut microbiome, and may have adverse effects after antibiotics.

Scientists work out the specific genes and biochemical steps required for digesting the very drugs designed to kill microbes.

Drug-free environments, such as a designated ward in a hospital, might reduce the strength of selection for resistance.

The antimicrobial drug neomycin protects mice from some viral infections, complicating the picture of the relationship between antibiotics and susceptibility to viruses.

The drugs’ disruption of the microbiome makes a subsequent flavivirus infection more severe.

A study finds substantial growth in use of the drugs this century, linked to gains in wealth in low- and middle-income countries.

A new study finds that more than 200 human-targeted, non-antibiotic drugs inhibit the growth of bacterial species that make up part of the human microbiome.